Consistent with previous reports 2, 9, 10, levels of IgG and IgM were significantly higher in the vaccinated group than in a cohort of patients who had recovered from COVID-19 (assayed at 1.3 and 6.2 months after infection), whereas IgA levels were similar between the two groups (Extended Data Fig. Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between the anti-RBD and anti-S response in all three of the immunoglobulin isotypes we measured (Extended Data Fig. As might be expected, levels of anti-S and anti-RBD IgG were higher than those of IgM or IgA. All of the individuals we tested showed a reactivity to S and RBD that was significantly higher compared to historic controls (from before COVID-19) (Extended Data Fig. Plasma IgM, IgG and IgA responses to SARS-CoV-2 S and RBD were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 5, 6. Together, these results suggest that the monoclonal antibodies in clinical use should be tested against newly arising variants, and that mRNA vaccines may need to be updated periodically to avoid a potential loss of clinical efficacy. Notably, these mutations were selected when we cultured recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing SARS-CoV-2 S in the presence of the monoclonal antibodies elicited by the vaccines. However, neutralization by 14 of the 17 most-potent monoclonal antibodies that we tested was reduced or abolished by the K417N, E484K or N501Y mutation. The monoclonal antibodies elicited by the vaccines potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2, and target a number of different RBD epitopes in common with monoclonal antibodies isolated from infected donors 5, 6, 7, 8.
However, activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants that encode E484K-, N501Y- or K417N/E484K/N501-mutant S was reduced by a small-but significant-margin. Moreover, the plasma neutralizing activity and relative numbers of RBD-specific memory B cells of vaccinated volunteers were equivalent to those of individuals who had recovered from natural infection 5, 6. Eight weeks after the second injection of vaccine, volunteers showed high levels of IgM and IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) and receptor-binding-domain (RBD) binding titre. Here we report on the antibody and memory B cell responses of a cohort of 20 volunteers who received the Moderna (mRNA-1273) or Pfizer–BioNTech (BNT162b2) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 1, 2, 3, 4. Nature volume 592, pages 616–622 ( 2021) Cite this article MRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants
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